Articles written by Jeffrey R Gudzune
All 132 articles written by Jeffrey R Gudzune
Black Hawk and Keokuk: Opposing Viewpoints, Bitter Rivalry
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Though of the same nation, Keokuk and Black Hawk were on opposite sides of the debate on the topic of land cessions. more...
Prelude to War: Keokuk and Black Hawk
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While Black Hawk fought, Keokuk negotiated--the result was a rift between the Sauk and Fox. more...
Resisting Relocation: Sauk and Fox
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Sauk and Fox forged a union to provide mutual security. Together they resisted the American advance. more...
Choctaw Relocation: Forced West
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Between 1831 and 1833, the Choctaw Nation was moved into Oklahoma under the supervision of armed American soldiers. more...
Andrew Jackson and Indian Relocation: The Arguement Over the Indian Removal Act
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In the late spring of 1830, two opposing viewpoints clashed over the future of America's policy towards Indian tribes. more...
Removal and Relocation: A New Policy Toward American Indian Tribes
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Working hand in hand with assimilation, removal became a key component of America's policy towards Indian tribes. more...
Assimilation of American Native Communities: Absorbing Native Culture
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Under the Office of Indian Affairs, the old policy of assimilation was renewed. more...
Office of Indian Trade: Government Policy
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Factory System was created through the Trade and Intercourse Acts, but the Office of Indian Trade created a national directorate for these posts. more...
Funding Trade: Washington and Managing Trade With Indian Tribes
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While the federal government set up a series of rules governing trade with Indian nations, they did not provide for the mechanisms of that trade. more...
Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790: Defining Trade With Indian Nations
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The first Trade and Intercourse Act, passed in 1790, outlined the rules governing economic relationships between the United States and Indian tribes. more...
Negotiations With Indian Tribes: Prelude to the Treaty System
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
This is a brief history of diplomatic relations between the United States and Indian nations. more...
Committee on Indian Affairs: Neutrality to Alliance
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Rather than allow the individual states to develop their own policies, the Committee on Indian Affairs established a national system of collective bargaining and treaty m more...
Mounds of North America: Common Traits
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Throughout the four identified mound building cultures, the practice evolved. more...
Hopewell: Mound Empire of the Northeast
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While the Hopewell do not represent a single nation, they are a cohesive organization consisting of numerous tribes that share of common cultural heritage. more...
Mound Culture: The Mound Builders of Poverty Point
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Of the four pre-contact cultures who designed large earthen structures throughout the northeast, the mound builders of Poverty Point were the first. more...
Empty Cities: The Mystery of the Anasazi
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
To this day, the mystery surrounding the sudden abandonment of the cliff dwellings of the Anasazi remains unanswered. more...
Karmak and Barabara: Other Arctic Dwellings
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While the igloo is a recognizable symbol of Arctic architecture, there are others that are rarely explored. more...
The Igloo: Snow House of the Central Inuit
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Unique for its component parts, the igloo is a warm oasis amid the harsh arctic winter. more...
Adobe Architecture: From Anasazi to Pueblo Indians
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Anasazi improved their architectural skills to the point where they were able to construct buildings as high as five stories, consisting of hundreds of rooms. more...
The Earth Lodge: Partially Subterranean Shelter
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In 1837, George Catlin displayed a series of paintings created during his time among the Plains tribes. Among these paintings was the first rendering of the earth lodge. more...
The Tipi and Plains Indians: Functional Housing and Community Development
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The tipi has been misrepresented as a universal symbol of indigenous architecture, but it was the Plains Indians who employed as a primary dwelling. more...
The Equine Trade: The Horse and Inter-tribal Trade
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Within a century, the horse became a dominant aspect of the inter-tribal trade system. more...
The Horse: Introduction by Spain
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The North American horse became extinct long before the arrival of European colonists. more...
Mandan Mini Corn: Catlin and Mandan Agriculture
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Mandan grew a unique variety of corn which was smaller than the corn produced by other tribes along the Missouri River. more...
Pope' After the Revolt: Shattered Union
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
As he sought to strengthen his alliance, Pope' lost the support of his people. more...
Reconstruction: Spanish Missionaries and the Pueblo Indians
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
After a century of Spanish rule, efforts to resist occupation came about as a response to an attack on indigenous religion. more...
Thorpe's Legacy: Post Athletic Career
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Thorpe experienced a series of personal as well as professional setbacks in the years following his retirement from sports. more...
Jim Thorpe: A Hard Road to Olympic Gold
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Although he loved football, and was arguable the best player at the Carlisle Indian School, Thorpe would gain international recognition for his skill on the race track more...
Ite' and Iktomi: Bringing Man to the Surface
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Together, Ite' and Iktomi devise a scheme to attract the Buffalo Nation away from their concealment and to the surface. more...
Wakanka's Deal With Iktomi: Seeking the Sun's Affection
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In order to elevate her daughter in the eyes of Sun, Wakanka conspires with the Trickster Iktomi. more...
Lakota Creation: Iyan's Sacrifice
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In order to present the most detailed examination of the creation mythos, the Lakota tribe serves as a primary reference more...
Ceremonies of the Plains: Importance and History
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Public events that celebrate important religious and social occasions are primary facets of tribal life for communities of the Plains region of the United States more...
Mandan Song: George Catlin and Indian Singing
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
During his time among the Mandan tribe, George Catlin became entranced by the songs and music of his hosts. more...
The Afterlife: Native American Views on the World Beyond
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Where does the soul go when the body dies? This question has plagued philosophers and religious scholars for centuries. Among native tribes, however, there is an answer more...
Dance and Native Life: Religious, Social, and Medicinal Uses
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Through the medium of dance, indigenous societies express their desires and hope to commune with the spirit world. more...
The Seven Rituals: The Bedrock of Lakota Beliefs
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
At the heart of Lakota society, there are seven central rituals that have remained fluid throughout their history. more...
Anatomy of the Vision Quest: The Lakota Sioux and the Hanblecheyapi
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The vision quest is a period of inward reflection that can help members of the Lakota community reach important decisions. more...
Medicine Pipes: Bridging the Spiritual Gap
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Used to invoke healing elements during special ceremonies, the medicine pipe is a highly important symbol of the duality of indigenous science and spirituality. more...
Midewiwin: The Grand Medicine Society
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Grand Medicine Society was created to share and protect the sum total of medicinal philosophy among the Great Lakes tribes. more...
Native Herbalists: Healing Ceremony
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Native herbalists used a combination of natural science and spirituality to heal the members of their community. more...
Medicine and Faith: The Duality of Healing and Spirituality
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Native American healers often combined religious rituals with medicine in order to better serve their communities. more...
Kalakuyuwish: The Story of the Totem Pole
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The totem pole is one of the most recognizable symbols of Native American life, even though it was only a facet of one geographic region. more...
Trickster Mythology: Raven and Coyote and the Ancient World
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While their stories may differ with each tribe, the two most prominent tricksters are the coyote and the raven. more...
Indian Religions: Evolution of Beliefs
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Although Paleo-Indians migrated to North and South America over many centuries, there are religious similarities that demonstrate a common mythos. more...
Partitioning Indian Territory: Post Civil War to the Dawes Act
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Civil War resulted in internal strife among the Five Civilized Tribes and as they sought to rebuild, they were once more challenged by the post-war United States. more...
Trail of Tears: Relocation of the Five Tribes
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In response to the Indian Removal Act, the United States government relocated the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Choctaw tribes to a new territory in Oklahoma. more...
Second Seminole War: Battle for Florida
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
With the Indian Removal Act, the U.S. began to relocate thousands of Native American communities in the east. In Florida, they encountered the resistance of Osceola. more...
The First Seminole War: Conquest of Florida
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Riding the wave of victory in the War of 1812, the United States expanded into Spanish controlled Florida and encountered the Seminole Nation. more...
Red Stick Rebellion: A Creek Civil War
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Pursued by the Americans under the tenacious Andrew Jackson, Red Eagle fought both the whites and his own people in defense of his homeland more...
Black Hawk's Legacy: Defiant to the End
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Trapped along the Mississippi, Black Hawk made one last stand against the Americans, but he would not fade into history. more...
Black Hawk and White Settlement: Prelude to the Rebellion
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While other Indian leaders accepted displacement, Black Hawk held his ground and refused to budge... more...
Tecumseh and the War of 1812: A Legend's Fall
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
His alliance in ruins, Tecumseh sided with the British in the War of 1812. more...
Tecumseh's Mission: Uniting the Tribe and Founding a Capital
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Having already set out on his mission of unification, Tecumseh now sought to establish a base of operations to serve as the capital of his new nation. more...
Fall of Little Turtle: Rise of the Peacemaker
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Removed as leader of the alliance he had built, Little Turtle found a new way to lead his people. more...
Ohio Indian Wars: St. Clair's Folly
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
After his first defeat, American President George Washington ordered an even larger invasion of Indian territory in 1791. more...
The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign: Invading Iroquoia
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In 1778 the Iroquois Confederation was invaded by American forces under the command of General John Sullivan, devastating the Six Nations. more...
Indians and America's Revolution: On Both Sides
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In the American Revolution, Native Americans were used by both sides, but in the end they were abandoned. more...
Cultural Preservation: Legislation to Preserve the Past
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In the drive to preserve Native American culture, three pieces of legislation have made great gains. more...
Code Talkers: Language in Wartime
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Using their language as code, Native Americans provided the key to victory in both world wars. more...
Red Power: American Indian Movement
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The birth of Red Power led to the creation of one of the most controversial Native American activist organizations--the American Indian Movement. more...
Long Chain of Abuses: Broken Treaties
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Since 1787, over 750 land cessions have been authorized by supposed mutual compacts. History demostrates there was little that was mutual about these "treaties." more...
Quanah Parker: Comanche Warrior Priest
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Exploration of the life of a man who was both warrior and priest...a man who organized his people to make one last stand against white encroachment. more...
Chief Joseph's War: Family Life and Sir William Johnson
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The second part of a three-part examination of the life of Chief Joseph Brant. For more information on his early years, see part one. more...
Act of Will: The Fight for Native American Citizenship
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Native American citizenship has been a long struggle, both politically and culturally. more...
We Are All Americans: Ely S. Parker--Two Worlds, One Man
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
He was both an Indian and a white man. A Seneca Chief and a Union Colonel. The first Native American to be Commissioner of Indian Affairs. This is Ely Parker. more...
Sacagawea: Guide to the West: Shoshoi Spirit of the West
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Who was Sacagawea and why do we know so much...yet so little about her? Was she simply along for the ride, or did she contribute more to the opening of the west more...
Black Hawk's Emerging Power: New Allies
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Black Hawk began to speak out against Keokuk and his close relationship with the United States. more...
The Rise of Black Hawk: The British Band and the United States
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Striking with a small band of warriors, the Sauk war chief raged against the American presence in his homeland. more...
Westward Migration of Native Tribes: Relocation of the Shawnee, Huron, Kickapoo
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
After the relocation of the Choctaw Nation, the United States steeped up its efforts to remove native tribes and resettle them in Indian Territory. more...
The First Removal: The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In September of 1830, the Choctaw Nation ceded 11 million acres of land to the American government in a controversial treaty. more...
Indian Removal Act: American Land Grabs
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In 1830, Andrew Jackson rammed a law through Congress that would open the door for the removal of Indian nations to the western expanse. more...
Roots of Assimilation: Colonial Period to 1824
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
From the Colonial Period, white settlers have made efforts to cultivate Indian tribes--a policy known as assimilation. more...
Office of Indian Affairs: Abandoning the Factory System
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
With the end of the factory system, the Office of Indian Affairs took over the direction of American policy towards Indian tribes. more...
Trade and Intercourse: United States Trade Policy from 1796 to 1802
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Between 1796 and 1802, the United States government refined its trade policy. more...
Revisions to the Intercourse Act: Redefining America's Policy
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Under the leadership of President George Washington, the United States reaffirmed its policy of fair trade with Indian tribes in 1793. more...
Northwest Ordinance: Legislating the Future
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Northwest Ordinance was an effort to curtail white settlement on Indian lands and establish a set of rules for future expansion. more...
Separate States: Origins of Indian Territory
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The idea of a separate Indian Territory came as a direct result of the French and Indian War. more...
Centralization and Treaty System: Diplomatic Relations with Indigenous Tribes
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Before the Seven Years' War, the individual colonies were responsible for diplomatic and trade relations with indigenous tribes. more...
Mississippian Culture: Mounds of the Pre-contact Period
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Mississippian culture was the most advanced of the mound builders, founding the first city in indigenous North America. more...
Adena: Mound Culture in the Ohio River Valley
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Adena have been identified as the most likely successor civilization to that of Poverty Point. more...
The Fate of the Anasazi: Theory and Fact
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
No one really knowns what caused the Anasazi nation to relocate to southwestern Colorado and take up residence amid the cliffs and canyons. more...
Anasazi Architecture: From Pithouse to Cliff Dwelling
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Anasazi established a trading empire that was among the most advanced in pre-contact North America. more...
The Plank House: Northwest Architecture
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The plank house incorporates spiritual aspects into its architectural matrix. more...
The Longhouse: Northeastern Architecture
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Indigenous communities of the northeast constructed a multi-purpose dwelling that was used as a communal home as well as a community center. more...
The Pithouse: Plateau, Southwest, and Arctic Housing
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Highly similar to the earth lodge, the pithouse (pit house) is among the oldest permanent structures in North America. more...
Lean-To and the Wigwam: Nomadic Shelter
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Focusing on two, vastly different nomadic shelters. more...
The Story of Thanksgiving: Squanto and the Wampanoag
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Wampanoag and Squanto saved the settlers of Plymouth Colony from starvation during thier first winter in North America. more...
The Horse and Native Mythology: The Epic of Long Arrow
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
According to Blackfoot mythology, the horse was a prize brought to man by the cultural hero Long Arrow. more...
Calling Forth the Rain: More on Mandan Agriculture
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
When Catlin first encountered the Mandan tribe, he was able to observe a special rain ceremony that brought an end to a most devastating drought. more...
Agriculture of Indigenous Tribes: Native Americans and Crop Cultivation
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Oft-cantankerous Archeology has greatly assisted in the quest to understand early Native American agriculture. more...
Pope` in the Ascendancy: Rebellion Against Spain
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Tewa shaman Pope` would rise from medicine man to rebel leader by organizing the pueblos into an effective fighting force. more...
New Spain and the Pueblo Indians: Convert and Absorb
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Spain's efforts to colonize North America sparked a massive movement to subvert Indian religion. more...
Thorpe After the Olympics: Free Agent to Most Valuable Player
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Jim Thorpe went from Olympic athlete to sports superstar in the years following the Fifth Olympiad. more...
Anukite' and Lakota Tradition: Evolution of a Cultural Myth
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The source of Anukite's power as a malevolent force is the rich tapestry of myth surrounding her abilities. more...
Mahpiyato's Outrage: Punishment for Ite'
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The outrage of Mahpiyato would have far reaching effects. more...
Origins of Man: The Creation of the Buffalo Nation
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Man was the product of the spirit world's actions, continuing what Iyan had begun. more...
The Creator Spirit: Making the Earth and Man
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Among indigenous tribes there are two predominant mythologies with respect to a central creator spirit. more...
Lakota Healing Song: Wapiye’ Olowan
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The "curing song" is just one of many traditional songs used in the healing ritual among the Lakota. more...
Talking With Spirits: Communication with the Dead to Help the Living
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Lakota Sioux believe that the dead can still help the living. Among the Lakota, there is particular practitioner who is responsible talking with the spirit world. more...
Death Mythology: Native Americans and the Origins of Death
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
There are two stories that exemplify the indigenous mythology surrounding the introduction of death into the mortal world. more...
Sacred Smoke: Tobacco Among the Plains Indians
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The use of tobacco among the southwestern Plains tribes is an integral part social, religious, and medicinal rights. more...
Sun Dance Ritual: Endurance Test of the Plains
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Sun Dance ritual of the northern plains is a four day event in which the participants fast and dance in order to gain spiritual enlightenment. more...
Mandan Sweat Lodge: Healing Body and Soul Through Steam
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The sweat lodge serves a twofold purpose--to clean the skin and to purge the body of impurities through steam. more...
Medicine Bundles: Cultural Significance
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The medicine bundle is a significant symbol of healing and spirituality for the indigenous tribes of the Great Lakes and Plains. more...
Peyote: Uses in Native Society
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Peyote is a powerful hallucinogenic substance used in indigenous social, spiritual, and medicinal practices. more...
Shaman and the Medicine Men: Changing Understanding of Indian Healing
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Native Americans use a variety of terms to describe their healers. This complex and ever-evolving art is an integral part of native society. more...
Earth Diver: Animal Spirits and the Ancient World
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Earth Diver creation story tells of animals who brought land to the ancient world more...
Wolverine, Rabbit, and Spider: Additional Trickster Stories
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The wolverine, rabbit, and spider represent three additional trickster symbols who have had a lasting impact on Native American mythology. more...
Foundations of Belief: Sacred Places and Animal Spirits
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
At the heart of Native American religious philosophy is the belief that everything carries with it an unique spirit. more...
Dawes Act and Indian Territory: Sooners and Oklahoma Statehood
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Dawes Act and its subsequent revisions robbed Native Americans of their newfound homes in Indian Territory. It encouraged white settlement and a land rush followed. more...
Indian Territory: Southeastern Tribes in Exile
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
After relocation, the Five Civilized Tribes settled into unfamiliar territory in Oklahoma. Gradually, however, they found their new home partitioned by the Americans. more...
The Third Seminole War: Holata Micco and Resistance
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In 1842, only 300 Seminole remained in Florida to be pushed the fringe of habitable land. In 1855, Holata Micco emerged and fought from the Everglades. more...
The Indian Removal Act Examined: Land Speculation and The Trail of Tears
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Having, through a variety of methods, convinced tribal leaders to cede their lands, the U.S. government enacted a policy of mass removal to a new frontier...Oklahoma. more...
Creek Displacement: Relocation to Florida
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Treaty of Ft. Jackson took 26 million acres of land away from the Creek Nation, but a determined band of Creek moved to Florida and continued to resist. more...
History of the Creek Nation: Early Development and the U.S.
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While engaging Indian resistance in the southeast, the United States encountered a unique ally and a powerful enemy in the Creek Nation. more...
Black Hawk's Race to the River: Summer of 1832
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
His peace overtures rejected, Black Hawk now waged war against the Amercans through the summer of 1832. more...
Black Hawk: War Chief of the Sauk Nation
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Seeing the Treaty of 1804 as illegal, the Sauk War Chief Black Hawk rebelled against American control of his homeland. more...
Fall of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
While Tecumseh was away, Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison moved into attack position. more...
Tecumseh's Union: A Native American Nation
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Rather than accept defeat, the Shawnee War Chief Tecumseh resolved to form a cohesive Indian nation-state to combat the American encroachment. more...
The Sandusky Conference: Little Turtle and the Wayne Campaign
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
In the summer of 1793, Indian representatives and U.S. commissioners gathered in Sandusky, Ohio to discuss a settlement to the Ohio Indian Wars... more...
The Confederacy of Little Turtle: America's First Indian War
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Organizing a loose alliance of Indian tribes, Miami Chief Little Turtle became the greatest threat to American dominance in the Northwest territories. more...
Iroquois Civil War: How the American Revolution Divided the Six Nations
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The American Revolution split the Iroquois Confederation and resulted in internal warfare that had devastating results. more...
Colonials' Fear of Natives: Indians As a Threat
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
America's early policy of viewing Native American tribes as a threat lead to a grave injustice and its longest war. more...
Native American Rights Fund: National Advocacy
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Founded in 1970, the Native American Rights Fund has served as a national advocacy group for 37 years and made great strides in the quest for equality. more...
Indian Gaming: Economic Self-Determination
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
A simple bingo game created a firestorm that would eventually lead to economic self-determination of hundreds of Native American nations. more...
Non-Violent Protest: Native American Activism
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Native Americans fought for civil liberties through politcal activism, founding groups like the Four Mother's Society and the Congress of American Indians. more...
Cherokee and Slavery: A Nation's Checkered Past
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Review of the history of slavery in the Cherokee Nation. more...
Chief Joseph's War: Warrior's Pride
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Third of the series exploring the life of Chief Joseph Brant. For more information, refer to parts one and two on the life of this remarkable figure. more...
Chief Joseph's War: The Making of a Legend
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Part one of a three-part examination of the Mohawk War Chief Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) and his fight against the American colonies. more...
Rekindling the Six Fires: Handome Lake and the Iroquois Revival
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
Rather than watch his people fade into history, Handome Lake started a new religion that provided the Iroquois Confederacy with a cultural revival. more...
Cherokee & the Confederacy: The South, the West, and a Second Civil War
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
The Civil War was not just a white man's war...it involved dozens of Native American tribes, which fought for their own independence. This is the story of the Cherokee. more...
Croatoan & Roanoke: A General History of an Enigma
Category: Native American/First Nations History (general)
What happened at Roanoke...what was Croatoan and why was this name carved on a tree in the middle of the abandoned settlement. more...
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