Articles written by Tongkeh Joseph Fowale
Showing 80 Articles
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Darwinism and Colonialism in Africa
While Charles Darwin made a significant breakthrough in science, some of his followers - Social Darwinists, used his theory to justify conflicts and exploitation of man.
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Major Definitions of Biography
Leading authors have defined biography differently. They have also stressed the need for biographies to be critical. This explains the uniqueness of critical biographies.
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The Origins and Evolution of Biographies
Because of its importance, biography has evolved from ancient times through the middle Ages to the Renaissance, with each period having very unique characteristics.
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Biography and Historical Writing
Biographies have significantly influenced the writing of history since ancient times. There are also different types and characteristics of biographies.
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British Diplomacy in Rhodesia 1965-1980
The war of liberation or Chimurenga and Britain's search for majority rule were the two main conflicting forces shaping the history of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1980.
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External Actors in Zimbabwe's War of Liberation
The Commonwealth and Frontline States were two important groups of countries which exerted great influence on the course of Zimbabwe's struggle for independence.
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UN Arbitration in Colonial Rhodesia
Britain constituted an obstacle to UN arbitration in Rhodesia during the liberation struggle. It became clear to Africans that independence was their responsibility.
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Africa and the Liberation Struggle in Rhodesia
Zimbabwe's liberation struggle and the attainment of independence owed greatly to many external players. Among them were the OAU and its liberation Committee.
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Agents of Apartheid John Vorster and Ian Smith
As African nationalists intensified their guerrilla campaigns against the white minority government of Ian Smith, John Vorster also increased his support for Smith.
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The Distant Dream of African Development
The path to African development is the subject of debate between the Internalist and Externalist schools of development. Colonialism is the beginning of this debate.
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Dialogue of the Dumb – Silent Trade in Africa
Dumb Barter or Silent trade is an exchange process involving neither language nor money which, according to historical records was practised in Africa. Did this happen?
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Success Stories of Africans in China
Despite the difficulties Africans face in China, a few have made significant breakthroughs in transforming their lives and becoming glowing success stories
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The Worsening Plight of Africans in China
From the Beijing Olympic Games to the global downturn, times have been hard for Africans in China. The recent protests in Guangzhou exposed the depth of these grievances.
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African Ethnicity, Towards a Definition
The definition of ethnicity has been the centre of conflict between "Euro-centric" and "Afro-centric" scholars. J.H Greenberg provides an alternative view to this debate.
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The EU Engages Mugabe in Dialogue
After years of intense hostility, Mugabe and the EU have met to reconcile their differences. What are the reasons and significance of this EU-Zimbabwe rapprochement?
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Defenders of Ethnicity and their Arguments
Writer Alex Thomson argues that "Ethnicity may often be the agent of political mobilization but it is rarely the primary cause of conflicts."
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Colonialism and Ethnicity in Africa
As stated by historian John Middleton, "it was during colonialism that the ethnic categories which designate different human groups gained quasi definitive rigidity".
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Obama Chooses Ghana over Kenya
President Obama's first visit to sub-Saharan Africa was to Ghana not his native Kenya. What was the reason for this choice and what did Kenya make of this?
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The Zimbabwe Factor in Thabo Mbeki's Fall
President Thabo Mbeki's "Silent Diplomacy" towards Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe cost him greatly in terms of his international reputation and his power.
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The Jackson - Bashir Controversy
Martin Bashir's interiview with Michael Jackson has become another source of controversy especially after the death of the pop star. What is the source of this new saga?
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How Robert Mugabe Confronted his Enemies
President Robert Mugabe has shown a remarkable ability to handle opposition to his government at all levels. What are his strategies?
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South Africa – Zimbabwe Relations under Mbeki
Throughout the difficult years of Zimbabwe's power struggle, South African President Thabo Mbeki insisted on a "silent diplomacy" towards Mugabe.
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How Zimbabwe Left the Commonwealth
The "Harare Declaration" made Zimbabwe the pivot of Commonwealth diplomacy in Africa in the 1990s. How and why then did Mugabe walk Zimbabwe out of the Commonweath?
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Sports and Spirituality in SCOAN
Pastor T.B Joshua's "My People FC" is his new attempt to win souls for Christ through sports. What do his detractors make of this?
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African Responses to Zimbabwe's Land Crisis
Mugabe's land reforms have helped to create friends and enemies for him within Africa. This alliance system is manifested at both bilateral and multilateral levels.
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Female Laborers in Tole Tea Plantation, Cameroon
Women have played the most significant role in the success of the Tole Tea Estate. They have, however, have exposed to wanton exploitation because of illiteracy.
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A New Dawn in U.S. – Zimbabwe Relations
Zimbabweans are beginning to see the fruits of Obama's inauguration promise. "We pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow ...."
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Death of Omar Bongo, the Message for Africa
The death of Gabonese President Omar Bongo offers cautionary lessons to African leaders that they will one day be judged by history if not by their own people.
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The Plantation Economy of German Kamerun
The plantation economy of German Kamerun brought about wage slavery, a precedence which was followed even after the Germans were driven from the territory after 1916.
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A Discourse on African Socialism
After independence many African leaders embraced socialism as a political ideology and identity. What has become of this concept in the 21st century?
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China Explains and Defends Africa Ties
China's silence over Africa came to an end when the West threatened to frustrate Beijing's Olympic ambitions. After the Games, however, China stopped explaining itself.
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China's Military Presence in Africa
The sale of arms constitutes a significant part of what is known today as Sino-African trade. How has this trade evolved since the Cold War?
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U.S and the Search for World Peace After 1918
After World War I, the U.S adopted a policy of Isolationism. However, it remained committed to the search for world peace through disarmament. Both policies failed.
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Europe and the Search for Peace After 1918
The search for peace pre-occupied European leaders after the end of World war 1. The League of Nations was created to safeguard world peace but it failed in this purpose
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Coming to China, Challenges for Foreigners
China has become a new destination for foreigners from different geographical backgrounds. They face different challenges depending on their nationalities and skin color.
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Africa's Place in Obama's Inaugural Speech
Africans listened to President Obama's inaugural speech with keen interest as they hoped to know early enough what to expect from their son in the White House.
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Kwame Nkrumah and the Search for African Unity
Kwame Nkrumah was the torch bearer of African unity after Ghana's independence in 1957. He pushed this concept to a very high level where it remains till this day.
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African Leaders Flock to Lagos For Salvation
African leaders have joined the population flocking to Lagos for spiritual healing and deliverance from T.B Joshua's Synagogue, Church of All Nations in Lagos, Nigeria.
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The Global Financial Crisis in Perspective
The Great Depression of 1929 is related to the current Financial Crisis in that both originated in the U.S and have damaged the world economy at a frightful scale
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Mugabe, Case Study in Defiance Against the West
Western sanctions have ironically made Robert Mugabe stronger because he has turned this obstacle into a great opportunity for himself, his family and his cronies.
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How the West created Robert Mugabe
Robert Mugabe's survival is thanks to his ability to base his anti-western rhetoric on the evil of colonialism. He thus champions Africa's new a "look east" policy .
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Mugabe, from Constitutionalism to Radicalism
Land reforms have gone through three distinct phases in Zimbabwe since 1980. These include the Constitutional, Transitional and the Radical phases.
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The Cold War and Zimbabwe's Liberation Struggle
The outcome of Zimbabwe's liberation struggle was shaped by the forces of the Cold War. It involved the US, Britain, China, Russia, UN, OAU, and Commenwealth.
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Zimbabwe's Road to Freedom and Land Reclamation
The nationalist struggle in Zimbabwe was largely a fight to end white domination over African land. After independence in 1980, a new chapter opened with land reclamation
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Arguments For and Against Mugabe's Land Policy
The debate about land reforms in Zimbabwe rages on. Mugabe defends his reforms on grounds of equality. His detractors see them as instruments of revenge pure and simple.
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Revisiting the Story of Land Reforms in Zimbabwe
Analyzing the basis of Mugabe's land reform policy is very inportant in shedding light on the driving forces behind these reforms. Key issues are revenge and socialism.
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Zimbabwe after the Lancaster Constitution
The Lancaster Constitution and its "willing-seller, willing-buyer" clause was the starting point for Zimbabwe after independence. It turned out to be a source of friction
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Understanding Zimbabwe's Land Crisis
Zimbabwe's land crisis is a problem deeply rooted in the history of British colonial administration in Africa.
It began with Cecil Rhodes and his BSAC.
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Colonialism and Land Conflicts in Africa
The colonial period marked a dramatic turn in the use of land in Africa. This revolution is responsible for the recurrence of land crises throughout post-colonial Africa.
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Understanding the Importance of Land in Africa
Hunger in modern Africa is a direct result of Africa's contact with Europe since the 15th century. This disrupted African agriculture in favor of capitalist monoculture.
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Africa's Leadership Dilemma
Leadership in Africa is determined by a combination of forces. These include history, tradition and great power influence. These forces continue to shape African politics
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The Enlightenment and Global Change
The European Enlightenment came along with mixed blessings. While it ended slavery and the slave trade, it intensified the exploitation of the South by the North
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French Colonial Policy In Africa
The dubious military connection between France and her former colonies in Africa is not only a colonial legacy but a continuation of Direct Rule or neocolonialism.
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German Colonial Policy in Africa
Between 884 and 1916, Germany exercised brutal control over its African colonies. This was inspired by the Herensvolk or the "master race theory."
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Belgian Colonial Policy in Africa
The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the conflict in the Congo are the most visible legacies of Belgian colonial rule in Africa.
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Portuguese Colonialism in Africa
Portugal stands out in the colonial debate because "she boasted the most and did the least." This is Walter Rodney's assessment of Portuguese colonial rule in Africa
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Colonialism And Imperialism, Africa's Twin Woes
The period of European colonialism in Africa was marked by ruthless exploitation. It also marked a turning point in African development and civilization.
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Opposing China's presence in Africa
Media reports about China's foray into Africa suggest a scenario of Africa's complete surrender to China. Some call this the recolonization of Africa.
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Somalia, Piracy and Instability to Continue
Since his return from exile, Sheik Hassan Dahir Aweys has eroded all expectations of peace in Somalia. He has made it clear that he will fight with pirates.
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African Conflicts, the Role of Ethnicity
Ethnicity is a defining force in modern African politics. It has, however, been employed so negatively that the term is now synanimous to chaos.
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AU and Arab League support Bashir against ICC
"Africa is together on this issue because there are powerful African leaders scared that their crimes might be next on the ICC agenda," a western diplomat told Reuters.
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China VS the West over ICC arrest of Al-Bashir
The decision by the International Criminal Court to arrest Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir has once again revived old rivalries in Africa between China and the West.
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Al Bashir, Darfur and ICC Arrest Warrant
In reaction to an arrest warrant issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in March, President Bashir continues to fly from country to country. What is his fate?
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The Brussels Conference on Somali Piracy
The surge of piracy has exposed the threat that chaotic Somalia poses to world peace. Has the Brussels Conference set the right path to curbing the crisis?
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Somali Piracy, The Other Side of The Story
Piracy in Somalia drew global attention when U.S. Captain Richard Philips was held in captivity for 5 days. Behind this unrest, hovever, there are many underlying forces.
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Rebuilding Afro-European Economic Relations
Economic relations between Europe and Africa have entered a new phase known as the Economic Partnership Agreements. How is this perceived in Africa?
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The Rise and Demise of The Lomé Convention
The Lomé Convention was the first experiment in development and co-operation between Europe and Africa after colonial rule. This explains its significance.
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Why Europe Lost Africa
The beginning of the 21st century has presented Africa with new choices of partners. It is important however, to examine why Europe lost Africa.
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The European Union woos China over Africa
China's foray into Africa has forced the EU to rethink its terms of engagement with the "Old Continent. The result is an EU-China-Africa triangle.
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Pastor T.B Joshua and the Power of Healing
Pastor T.B Joshua and his Synagogue, Church of All Nations continues to create sensations around the world with his ability to cure diseases as deadly as AIDS and Cancer.
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Frantz Fanon and African Liberation
Frantz Fanon was one of the leading advocates of violence in the anti-colonial struggle in Africa. Since Fanon's death, however, Africa has not known peace.
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China Lays Claim On Obama
President Barack Obama's vast web of family ties extends to China. What does this mean for the Chinese media and Africans living in China?
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China's Long March into Africa
Africa's massive wealth of untapped resources has become the center of attraction for Chinese migrants.
How are the Chinese different from Europeans?
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China's Pains And Gains At The Olympic Games
The years and months preceding the Beijing Olympic Games were the most difficult in China's recent history. How did China manage to cope with these challenges?
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How China Lures Africa
"We have turned east where the sun rises, and given our backs to the West where the sun sets." Defiant Robert Mugabe envisioned Africa in the hands of China.
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Migration And Africa's Future
There is little doubt that migration will play an important role in shaping Africa's future. How will this happen? This article attempts an answer to this question.
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The Origins and Evolution of Money in Africa
This article examines Africa's role in the evolution of money since ancient times. It briefly touches on the legacy of this transformation.
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Condoms And Tension in The Catholic Church
The ban on condoms among Catholics has once again raised the question of Papal infallability. How can the Church hold itself together as dissenting voices start emerging?
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How African Immigrants Are Perceived in China
Africans increasingly constitute a significant number of the foreign population in China. This article examines some of the major huddles they face in this strange land.
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Pope Benedict's Condom Bombshell in Africa
This article examines the uproar triggered by Pope Benedict XVI when, on his recent trip to Africa, the Holy Father insisted that condoms "aggravate" the problem of AIDS.
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