Biographies of Scientists

Frederick Reines casts a long shadow on elementary particle physics, as an early participant in the Manhattan Project, as co-discoverer of the neutrino, as founding Dean of the School of Physical Sciences at the University of California at Irvine, and as co-winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize in physics.

Martin Perl won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of a third quark-lepton family of elementary particles. His research extended the Standard Model for physics.

Mario Molina shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995 for his research into the impact of CFCs on the upper atmosphere.

Richard E. Smalley is a Nobel Prize winning chemist at Rice University. He was part of the team that developed supersonic beam laser spectroscopy, as well as the team that discovered fullerenes.

Douglas D. Osheroff was a graduate student working late in the low temperature laboratory at CalTech when he noted unexpected results on a graph. He alerted his advisors and they concluded they had found the conditions at which helium-3 changes to a superfluid. Osheroff would share a Nobel Prize in Physics ...

David M. Lee shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1996 for his discovery of the superfluid properties of helium-3.

Robert F. Curl Jr. shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for his discovery of buckeyballs, C60 carbon clusters that promise advances in medicine, industry, and computer technology.

Paul D. Boyer shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997 for his work on defining the function of ATP in cellular functions.

Robert B. Laughlin shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theoretical framework explaining fractional quantum Hall effect.

Ahmed Zewail won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1999 for his groundbreaking work in femtochemistry. Using his technology, scientists are able to see "pictures" of chemical reactions as they happen.