Suite101

Garden Design

Kirk Johnson

Articles

The Belvedere's Sculpture Garden

For centuries that most important sculpture garden in the world was located in the Vatican.

The Vatican's Cortile del Belvedere

The Vatican's Cortile del Belvedere was one of the most revolutionary gardens ever created.

Rome's Villa Medici

The Villa Medici has the best preseved Renaissance garden in Rome

Principles of Design - Rhythm

Of all the principles of design, most people will probably find rhythm the easiest to understand. This is because rhythm in the visual arts is very closely related to rhythm in music.

Principles of Design - Proportion

Thinking about proportion in floral design and garden design.

Principles of Design - Balance

The second in a series of articles about the principles of design.

Principles of Design

An introduction to the Principles of Design

Flower Shows

I decided to go a bit off topic this month and write about floral design rather than garden design.

Homes and Gardens in Pompeii

Pompeii’s gardens were an integral part of their homes.

Pompeii's Peristyle Gardens

Italians transformed the peristyles typical of Greek homes from paved courtyards into gardens.

Beverley Nichols

Timber Press has republished the Merry Hall trilogy. They are among the most delightful books about gardening ever written.

Bizarre Conifers

I have a fondness for conifers with unusual growth patterns. This article is about placing these unusual plants in gardens.

Gardens of the World

A review of the video Gardens of the World

Ancient Roman Gardens

A review of Linda Farrar's book Ancient Roman Gardens.

Herbaceous Borders - Part Two

Herbaceous borders were very fashionable during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Gardens of Pompeii

A review of Annamaria Ciarallo's book Gardens of Pompeii

An Unusual Approach

Garden designer Mark Laurence has a rather unusual approach to designing gardens.

My Rose Garden

I can't really maintain my garden during the month of June, but that hasn't stopped me from planting roses.

Herbaceous Borders - Part One

When nineteenth century gardeners began to create herbaceous borders, they thought that they were reviving seventeenth century gardening practices.

Designing With Roses

A review of Tony Lord's book, Designing With Roses.

A Passion For Bedding Plants - Part Two

Victorian parterres often had designs which were similar to seventeenth century parterres, but the planting was very different from earlier parterres.

A Passion For Bedding Plants - Part One

While bedding schemes are characteristic of the nineteenth century, they are rooted in the gardens of seventeenth century France.

The Gardenesque Style

In the December 1832 issue of his Gardener’s Magazine, John Claudius Loudon proposed a new style which he called “gardenesque".

Melancholy Pleasures

If you wanted to introduce melancholy into your garden, how would you go about it?

Garden Hermits

During the second half of the 18th century, no English landscape garden was complete without a hermitage.

Ginkaku-ji: Kyoto's Silver Pavilion

A 15th Century Japanese garden that was designed for moonlight.

My Neglected Garden

I tend to neglect my garden during the months of June and July, so I am learning what parts of my garden need to be maintained and what parts can take neglect.

Kids Gardens

In her articles about gardening with children, Linda Mazar wrote about how to instill a love of gardens in children by encouraging their creativity.

Gardens Are For People

Gardens Are For People, by Thomas Church, was first published in 1955 and introduced the concept that gardens are for people to live in, not just places to grow plants.

Rosemary Verey's Garden

The late Rosemary Verey created a garden at Barnsley House which is highy eclectic, but she managed to tie together many unrelated elements into a unified garden.

In the Shadow of Nightmares

Has the threat of nuclear war had any effect on the design of gardens?

Sissinghurst Castle - Conclusion

The National Trust now maintains Sissinghurst Castle

Vita Sackville-West

Vita Sackville-West (1892 - 1962), always wanted to be a great poet, but today she is remembered as a great gardener and garden writer.

Middleton Place

Middleton Place, near Charleston, South Carolina, features the oldest landscape garden in North America. Begun in 1741, its construction took 100 slaves a decade to complete.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Eighteen

During World War II, the famous flower beds at Sissinghurst Castle were planted with vegetables and the army drove tanks along the banks of the lake.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Seventeen

Sissinghurst's Lime Walk connects the Rose garden and the Nuttery

Thoughts About Formal Gardens

formal garden, proportion, Vitruvius, Pallaido


A Basilica Garden

Garden designer Hugh O’Connell has returned to the architectural roots of Italian Renaissance gardens, and instead of imitating earlier gardens, he has created a garden that is both classically beautiful and strikingly original.


Sissinghurst Castle - Part Sixteen

The complex relationship between Sissinghurst's Lime Walk and Rose Garden.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Fifteen

The curved wall at the western end of Sissinghurst's rose garden raises the garden to the status of a garden room of the finest pedigree.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Fourteen

Vita Sackville-West loved roses above all other flowers. This is the first in a two part article about her rose garden at Sissinghurst

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Thirteen

Sissinghurt's Herb Garden reflects Vita Sackville-West's romantic love of the past.

A Place of Refuge

A garden can be a place of refuge when the world outside gets ugly.


Sissinghurst Castle - Part Twelve

Sissinghurst's Moat Walk is one of the most restrained parts of the garden, but it has a complex design.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Eleven

The Cottage Garden at Sissinghurst Castle is filled with flowers in sunset hues.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Ten

Sissinghurst's orchard was once a very romantic place. With time, the romance will return.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Nine

Many people probably find the Tower Lawn to be one of the least interesting parts of the garden at Sissinghurst Castle, but it serves an important purpose.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Eight

The entry court at Sissinghust Castle.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Seven

What inspired Sissinghurst's White Garden?

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Six

A description of the plantings in the White Garden of sissinghurst Castle.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Five

The enclosed garden next to the Priest's House was one of the earliest parts of sissinghurst Castle to be developed as a garden.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Four

The early development of the gardens at Sissinghurst Castle,

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Three

This article is about the unusual home that Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson created at Sissinghurst Castle

Sissinghurst Castle - Part Two

Sissinghurst was not the first garden to be created by Vita Sackville-West and her husband, Harold Nicolson. this article is about their gardening background before they bought Sissinghurst Castle.

Sissinghurst Castle - Part One

This is the first in a series of articles about the gardens of Sissinghurst Castle in Kent, England. This article gives a brief history of the castle before it was bought by Vita Sackville-West and her husband, Harold Nicolson.

Gardens of Paradise - Part Two

The paradise gardens of Western Civilization

Gardens of Paradise - Part One

The paradise gardens of Heian Japan

Pergolas and Arbors

Some practical thoughts to consider before you construct an arbor or pergola.

Arbors and Pergolas

What are the differences between arbors and pergolas?

Winter in Classical Chinese Gardens

Winter in Chinese Gardens

The Three Friends of Winter

If your garden seems uninteresting during the winter months, you might consider growing the Three Friends of Winter.

Winter Blooming Plants

Winter blooming plants in my garden on the southern Oregon coast

Gardens of Moorish Spain

While much of Europe was still in the dark ages, Moorish rulers in Spain were creating gardens of breathtaking sophistication.

The Mehtab Bagh

Archeologists have uncovered the site of the Mehtab Bagh, on the opposite side of the river from the Taj Mahal.

The Garden of Apollo

Louis XIV was known as "The Sun King". This article is about sculptural groups in the gardens of Versailles which depict the god Apollo.


Katsura Rikyu

Take an online tour of the Katsura Imperial Villa, near Kyoto, Japan.

Eels in Roman Gardens

I expect that many of you will be surprised to learn that the fish which ancient Roman authors mention most often as being kept in fishponds are eels.

Piscinae Salsae (Saltwater Fishponds)

For years I have been curious about the saltwater fishponds of ancient Rome, so I was thrilled to discover James Higgenbotham’s book Pisicinae. This book explains how Roman fishponds were constructed and how they functioned.

Gazebos and Summerhouses

Have you been thinking about constructing a gazebo or a summerhouse in your garden?

Aunt Elva's Garden

Memories of my Great Aunt Elva's garden in Lake Oswego, Oregon.

Decorative Rapes

Garden ornaments which depict violence towards women and children.

Vigeland Sculpture Park

The Vigeland Sculpture Park in Oslo, Norway is a great work of landscape architecture which displays 212 sculptures in a very effective manner.

Gardens of Nudes - Part Six

The conclusion of a six part series of articles about nude statues in the formal gardens of Europe. This article is mainly about statues in the gardens of Versailles.

Gardens of Nudes - Part Five

Fountain figures in the gardens of Versailles.

Gardens of Nudes - Part Four

Architectural grottos in the formal gardens of Europe.

Gardens of Nudes - Part Three

How statues were displayed in the gardens of Imperial Rome.

Gardens of Nudes - Part Two

Nude statues in the gardens of Imperial Rome

Gardens of Nudes - Part One

Nude statues are often displayed in the formal gardens of Europe. This is the first in a series of articles about those statues.

Formal Gardens

A history of Europe's formal gardens.


Edible Landscaping

The current fashion for edible landscapes dates from the publication in 1982 of “The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping”, by Rosalind Creasy.

Bible Gardens for Christians

Ideas for creating a Bible garden which is more than just a collection of plants.

Marie Antoinette's Petit Hameau

Marie Antoinette's Petit Hameau was completed just a few years before the French Revolution.

Marie Antoinette's Jardin Anglais

A description of Marie Antoinette's English style garden at the Petit Trianon.

The Petit Trianon

This is the first article in a three part series about Marie Antoinette's garden at the Petit Trianon.

The Garden of the Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal has often been called the greatest monument to love. The architecture of the tomb is so beautiful that many visitors don't pay much attention to the garden.

Déduit's Garden

The Roman de la Rose is a poem by Guillaume de Lorris which was written in the thirteenth century. The ideal garden which he describes in this poem shows how deeply Medieval people loved both nature and gardens.

Venus in Pompeian Gardens

We usually think of Venus as a goddess of love, but she was originally a goddess of gardens.

Garden Railroads

Ideas for integrating a garden railroad into a garden

Christmas at Shore Acres

This will be the thirteenth Christmas that the garden at Shore Acres Park is decorated with over 200,000 lights.

Gardens of the Northern Renaissance

Renaissance gardens in France, England, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Gardens of the Late Renaissance

While the 1527 sack of Rome is often seen as the end of the High Renaissance, most of the great Renaissance gardens were created after 1527.

High Renaissance Gardens

The High Renaissance didn't produce many important gardens, but two gardens of this period had a powerful influence on European gardens.

Early Renaissance Gardens

What were early Renaissance gardens like and how were they different from Medieval gardens?

The Roots of Renaissance Gardens

The gardens of Renaissance Italy were rooted in the gardens of ancient Rome.

Koi Ponds

I have had koi in my garden's ponds for over 15 years. This article is a practical guide to designing koi ponds.

Paradise Gardens

Islamic gardeners kept the Western tradition of garden design alive while Western Europe was going through what has often been called the "Dark Ages".They also developed their own unique garden styles.

Goethe and Gardens

Like many romantics, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832) preferred untamed nature over gardens.

Picturesque Gardens

The picturesque movement of the late eighteenth century created gardens with a wilder beauty than the smooth lawns of the classic English landscape garden.

Jardins Anglo-Chinois

The jardin anglo-chinois grew out of the English landscape style, but it was just a little bit different.


English Landscape Gardens in the 1700s: The History of English Garden Design from Classical to Natural Style

The English landscape gardens of the eighteenth century are probably the country's greatest contribution to the visual arts.

Giochi d’Acqua

The next time that people visit your garden, suddenly turn on the sprinklers and watch your guests try to escape.

Pompeian Yard Art

Art in the most elegant gardens of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Memorial Gardens

Designing memorial or remembrance gardens.


Dwarf Rhododendrons

Many people think of rhododendrons as woodland plants, but most dwarf rhododendrons belong in alpine or rock gardens.

Rhododendron Gardens

For me, the month of May means rhododendrons.


Native Plants

Traditional Japanese gardens have a lot to teach us about designing with native plants.


Living Poems

Gardens can be designed to be living poems.

Bible Gardens

A Bible or Biblical garden is a garden which is composed using plants which are mentioned in the Old and New Testaments. This article features my original design for a Bible garden.

Green Gardens

Many people think of green gardens as being a bit unusual, but they are really very traditional.

The Roots of Japanese Gardens

The influence of Chinese gardens on early Japanese gardens, and some basic differences between traditional Japanese and Chinese gardens.

Classical Chinese Gardens

An introduction to classical Chinese Gardens


Herb Gardens

Ideas for designing herb gardens


Rose Gardens - Part 2 - Design

Ideas for designing a traditional rose garden

Rose Gardens - Part 1 - History

A short history of rose gardens

Mary Gardens

Gardens devoted to the Virgin Mary

Medieval Gardens

A short history of Medieval gardens - 500 to 1500 AD.

Gardens in 17th Century New England

The differences between gardening and agriculture in 17th Century New England.

Jardins Communicants

An American style of garden.

Sublime Gardens

Romantics have attempted to create gardens which are intended to evoke feelings of melancholy, fear, and even sublime awe.

Moonlit Formal Gardens

Formal gardens are ideal Moon gardens.

Garden Paths

A practical guide to creating garden paths.

Terraced Gardens in Egypt, Tuscany, and the Roman Empire

Terraced gardens throughout history.

Good Taste Can Be Vulgar

Good taste isn't always as good as people think.

What Paths Shall I Take?

What directions would people like this column to go in?

Unity In Garden Design

The summation of a series of articles on unity in garden design written over the past 6 months.

Unity - Part 12 - Moods

Part 12 in a series about how to create a garden which is a unified work of art.

Unity - Part 11 - Environment

The 11th in a series about how to create a garden which is a unified work of art.

Unity - Part 10 - Utility

The 10th in a series on how to create a garden which is a unified work of art.

Unity - Part 9 - Scale

The 9th in a series about how to create a garden which is a unified work of art.

Unity - Part 8 - Balance

How to unify your garden using classical balance.

Unity - Part 7 - Shapes

Unity is one of the key elements in creating a garden with a coherent and pleasing design.

Unity - Part 6 - Form

This is the sixth in a series about how to create a garden that is a unified work of art.

Unity - Part 5 - Texture

This is the fifth in a series about how to create a garden that is a unified work of art.

Unity - Part 3 - Patterns

Unity - Part 2 - Color

Unity - Part 1 - Themes

My Garden

garden tour

Unity - Part 4 - Line

This is the fourth in a series about how to create a garden that is a unified work of art.