Breast Cancer - Mammograms and Effective Maintenance

Early detection of breast cancer significantly reduces the risk of death. In addition to monthly self-examinations, every woman between the ages of 40 and 49 should have a physical examination by their doctor every year, and women over 50 should be examined annually.

Mammograms. Annual mammograms are important for all women older than 50. Whether women under 50 should have routine mammograms is controversial. The AMA, the American Cancer Society, American College of Radiology, and major cancer centers, however, strongly support regular mammographic screening for women between the ages of 40 and 49. Recent studies are also report that regular mammographic screening after age 40 significantly decreases breast cancer death rates in all women, including those who have not reached menopause. Therefore, it is recommended that all women should have a baseline mammogram at age 40.

Breast Cancer - Preventive Maintenance

Exercise. A number of studies have suggested that regular exercise may lower a woman's risk for breast cancer. A recent study suggested that regular exercise may be greater or lesser at different times in a woman's life, depending on her menstrual status and estrogen levels.

Diet. A number of studies have been conducted on fat consumption and breast cancer risk, with various and conflicting results. One reported that reducing fat intake resulted in lower levels of estradiol -- the potent form of estrogen. One study found no relationship between breast cancer and intake of polyunsaturated fats, saturated fats or trans-fatty acids. According to other studies, monounsaturated fats may be protective.

Fruits and Vegetables. Many fresh fruits and vegetables contain chemicals that may be cancer fighters like cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli) and tomatoes (which contain lycopene). Whether or not any particular food or nutrient reduces the risk for cancer, diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, low in saturated fats and trans-fatty acids, and high in fiber are important in any case for health.

Alcohol and Caffeine. Caffeine appears to have a complex effect on estrogens that may offer some protection. Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption -- over three drinks a week -- increases the risk for breast cancer. Some experts estimate that only about 2% of breast cancer cases can be attributed to alcohol.

Phytoestrogens. Some researchers are investigating whether high intakes of so-called plant estrogens (phytoestrogens), which are found in soy beans, black cohosh, whole wheat, berries, and flax seed, may be protective. Because of the lower risk for reproductive and breast cancers in Asian women, most studies on plant estrogens are being conducted using soy. The effects on cancer are not entirely clear, however.

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