The Laws of Manu


© Meenakshi Subramaniam

Manu, mythology claims was the First Man. He was a king who ruled justly and wisely over his subjects; the manner is which he meted out justice has been codified and organized as the Laws of Manu. Some of these laws pertaining to Indian women have been pointed out as paternalistic and chauvinistic arrogance. But a good number of them reflect the freedom and respect that women in ancient society enjoyed.

Here then is a selection of some of his more famous laws that touch the lives of women.

-A girl, a young woman, or even an old woman should not do anything independently, even in her own house. -In childhood a woman should be under her father’s control, in youth under her husband’s and when her husband is dead, under her sons.

-A virtuous wife should never do anything displeasing to the husband who took her in marriage, when he is alive or dead, if she longs for her husband’s world (after death)

- No learned father should take a bride-price for his daughter, no matter how small, for a man who, out of greed exacts a price, would be selling his child like a pimp.

-And those deluded relatives who live off a woman’s property- her carriages, her clothes and so on- are evil and go to hell.

- Fathers, brothers, husbands and brothers-in-law who wish for great good fortune should revere these women and adore them.

- The deities deligh in places where women are revered, but where women are not respected all rites are fruitless. - There is unwavering good fortune in a family where the husband is always satisfied by the wife, and the wife by the husband.

- If the wife is not radiant, she does not stimulate the man; and because the man is unstimulated the making of children does not happen.

- Through bad marriages, the neglect of rites and failure to study the Vedas, families cease to be families.

-The tradition calls it the rule of the Lord of the Creatures when a man gives away his daughter after adorning her and saying “May the two of you together fulfill your duties…”

- It is called the demonic law when a man takes the girl because he wants her for himself, when he has given as much wealth as he can to her relatives and to the girl herself.

- The lowest and most evil of marriages, known as that of the ghouls, takes place when a man secretly has sex with a gril who is drunk, asleep or out of her wits.

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