Poland Under Communism--A Quick Overview

The period of communist rule in Poland spanned nearly half the 20th century. From the end of World War II until the system collapsed in 1989, Poland was under the control of the Soviet Union. While the country maintained its formal independence, unlike those times in past centuries when even the country’s name was wiped off the map of Europe, Soviet rule led to major changes in Poland. No aspect of Polish life—whether political, social or economic—remained the same. But although this period is often considered to be one homogenous historical period, it is important to remember that the situation in Poland did change over the years.

Soviet power in Eastern Europe was brought along with the Red Army. Although historians debate the specifics, the Soviets possessed overwhelming military might which was capable not only of defeating the Nazis, but also of dominating everything on the way to Germany. The Soviets were interested in having friendly neighbors, and they were in the military and political position to do so.

Poland’s political system was the first to change. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin made sure that pro-communist forces won Poland’s elections, ensuring a government loyal to him. He also made use of his trademark brutality in attaining his political goals: Prison camps and executions were just part of the story. But communism and Stalinism were not synonymous. When Stalin died in 1953, his successor, Nikita Krushchev, introduced the “thaw” during which Stalin’s crimes were denounced and many of the horrors of Soviet rule faded away. Of course, things were far from perfect. Poland’s neighbors tried to introduce reforms, and paid the price—Hungary was invaded in 1956, and Czechoslovakia followed in 1968.

Communist rule brought social changes as well. The Soviets, ever claiming to support an egalitarian society, attempted to destroy all social and class barriers. Of course, the Party tended to receive better housing, education and medical care, but the difference between the best-paid and lowest-paid workers was lower than in the West. But what was more important was the demographic change. Industry boomed, and as a result Poland became more urbanized. All over the communist world, rural farmers were brought into cities to work in the newly built factories in the cities, and Poland was no exception. The cities’ population boomed, leading to severe housing shortages. But then again, what better way to promote a communist lifestyle than to have everybody living in the same room?

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