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Chronological sources of the orthopaedic cosmetology

© M.F.Yegorov, A.S.Barinov

The origin of a new trend of cosmetic surgery has become possible due to the achievements of world orthopaedics and cosmetology. The use of scientific technologies and new materials in the aesthetic surgery allow to change fantastically the man's appearance. But the progress has not stopped. New tasks appear and one of them is a development of problems connected with anthropometric correction and correction of the extremities forms in particular with the cosmetic goal in view. A new quality appeared as a result of a synthesis of orthopaedics and cosmetology. The existing borders of the aesthetic surgery have widened, so the analysis of historic premises lying at the base of this process is of great interest.

Taking into a consideration the fact that the development of methods of osteotomy and osteosynthesis along with pure cosmetic means that meet definite requirements is an important question of anthropometric correction we consider worthwhile to attract the attention to these problems.

The historic development of cosmetology and orthopaedics dates back to a deep antiquity. It goes without saying that the attempts to treat fractures, dislocations, trauma and cosmetic defects were made simultaneously with the appearance of Homo sapience. In the earliest manuscripts which concern the ancient medicine we can definitely separate the areas which lately had formed different medical subjects, cosmetology, surgery, traumatology, orthopaedics in particular, and others.

Modem information about medicine of ancient Egypt is based mostly on the analyses of papyri of Abers and Smith dating approximately to 1550 B.C. but many convincing signs tell that both manuscripts were copies of more ancient manuscripts.

The Smith's papyrus is a textbook of surgery, decorated with pictures of the parts and organs of the human body before and after the operation. The papyri texts contain practical advice quite wise from the point of view of the modem medicine. The Abers' papyri mention medicines widely used in cosmetics of ancient Egypt: soot mixed with the goose suet was used to picture the lines around the eyes. The other constituents of the cosmetic paint for the eyes included the powder of the copper ore of an emerald colour. The studies of the mummies revealed that the fractures were successfully treated in ancient Egypt.

The surgeons of ancient India used 20 sharp and 101 blunt instruments in their work. It tells about great achievements in a surgical technique. The Indian ancient surgeon Sushroota successfully performed plastic operations, which were necessary because of the military traumatism and a widespread punishment with cutting out noses and ears. To restore the lost nose Sushroota made a pattern of a tree leaf than he applied the pattern to the patient's check and cut off the skin pattern. Instead of nostrils he placed tubes. After the engrafting the pedicle of the pattern was cut off from the donor's place.

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