As I explained in previous articles, the 19th century was to Mexico like a choppy sea and with occasional hurricanes. After having obtained its independence in 1821, Mexico was introduced to a man called Antonio López de Santa Anna, one of the few dictators the country has known and the dominant figure in Mexican politics for much of the 19th century. Born in a criollo middle class family in the state of Veracruz, he did what no few men pertaining to his class did: he served in the Royalist army, remained loyal to Spain for quite some years and fought against the movement for Mexican independence. In 1821, however, he switched sides and joined who would become Emperor Iturbide in his struggle in favour of that very movement. Soon, though, he would break with him, oppose himself to imperial authority and declare Mexico an independent republic. As from then he would see himself involved in virtually every struggle and intrigue that made difficult the survival of a highly chaotic Mexico as an independent nation. In 1828, for example, he used his military influence in order to have the losing candidate elected at the presidential elections. He was not left unrewarded and was appointed the highest-ranking general of the country. His reputation and influence became stronger after having played a critical role in defeating the Spanish in 1829, who tried to reconquer their former colony.
In 1833 he was elected president by an overwhelming majority. However, the high hopes that the people had invested in Santa Anna’s promises to unite the nation were soon broken and the country was in for another few decades of sheer chaos. Between 1833 and 1855 the Mexican people became witness of thirty-six changes in presidency, eleven times of which Santa Anna ruled directly. Most of the time he left the real work in hands of others.
His refusal to implement the 1824 liberal constitution and the creation of a much more centralized and more undemocratic government triggered the Texan revolution. Texans no longer saw the purpose of being a part of Mexico. Santa Anna led the counter-attack and after initial victories at Alamo and Golad, he became victime of his own self-confidence and was defeated and captured by the Texan army of Samuel Houston at the famous battle of San Jacinto (1836). He was forced to sign a treaty in which Texas would find its independence. Fortunately for him, he was released and although very much discredited after having failed to contain the Texas revolution, he soon restored his reputation after defeating the French in the city of Veracruz in 1838. He lost his leg in the process which, as a proof of his dedication to his country, served him more than well. He proclaimed himself president in 1841, but would be deposed in 1845.
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