This was not the end of the story because, just as in other coastal cities involved with trade, disorder periodically threatened to result in a large-scale rebellion. In 1602, for example, Chinese rose up and set fire to Quiapo and Tondo, while further large-scale uprisings occurred in 1662 and 1686. The results of these uprisings were crushing military force and reprisals which led to the expulsion of all Chinese. However, these edicts were subsequently relaxed because the Chinese community was essential to the successful economic development of the city and the nation. So too do they remain essential.
Stearn, Duncan, Chronology of South-East Asian History 1400-1996 (Dee Why, NSW: The Mitraphab Centre Pty Ltd., 1997).
Wade, Geoff, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu, an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/2674, accessed May 12, 2005 (and other entries).
I am also indebted to the Robert Gardner's Philippine Journeys website and, particularly, this History of Manila: http://www.aenet.org/philip/manila.htm.
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