The arrival of the Europeans, initially the Spanish and the Portuguese, did manage to enforce the conversion of the people of the Northern and Central Philippines to Christianity but elsewhere the growth of Islam was not stemmed. In some ways, the increase in Islam was a response to the arrival of the colonising Europeans, since it was viewed as a powerful source of belief that could be used to resist the invaders. Creating empires often has dangerous, unintended consequences.
De Casparis, J.G. and I.W. Mabbett, "Religion and Popular Beliefs of Southeast Asia before c.1500," in Nicholas Tarling, ed., The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol.1, Pt.1, From Early Times to c.1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp.276-339.
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