The results of the campaign seem inevitable in hindsight. Some marginal successes achieved through weight of numbers were outweighed by the attrition caused by difficult ground, lack of food and several of the military debacles that have so studded Chinese history. The Koreans yielded nothing and every step taken by a Chinese soldier was a step that several support personnel had to take to support him. With widespread discontent and rebellion in the rest of the empire, fuelled by the absence of troops and workers, the eventual abandonment of the campaign was preordained and, apparently deprived of the mandate of heaven, the Sui dynasty was doomed.
Graff, David A., Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 (Routledge: London and New York, 2002).
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