Adelaide Alsop Robineau was born in 1865 in Middletown, Connecticut. As a young woman she became interested in the hand-painted china which was a wildly popular hobby following the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876. To further her interest and skill as an artist, she studied painting with William Merritt Chase, the famed American impressionist. She married Samuel E. Robineau in 1899, and in that year the couple launched Keramic Studio, a pioneering periodical for ceramic artists and potters. Robineau became interested in the medium herself, studying under Charles Binns at Alfred University.
Robineau experimented with glazes and forms, influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement and its emphasis on quality materials, craftsmanship and simplicity of design. There are elements of Art Nouveau in the forms and stylized natural elements in her work as well. Rather than remain constrained by applying decoration to the blank forms made by others, she determined to create her own distinctly different porcelain forms.
Adelaide Robineau was an unusual woman for her day, having already established her national reputation as a china painter, publisher and artist by the time she began making her first ceramics in 1901. She was also the mother of three children, and taught on the staffs of both Syracuse University and the People's University of the American Woman's League. She is best known for The Scarab Vase, also known as the "Apotheosis of the Toiler".
Robineau spent over 1000 hours carving this immense and stunning vase. The vase was created as part of a project to publicize the young People's University in 1910. The People's University in University City, near Jefferson, Missouri, had encouraged its staff to create "grand, public statements in clay". The Scarab Vase was Robineau's contribution to the program, and a year later it won the Grand Prize in pottery at the Turin International Exhibition.
The scarab beetle, the major motif of the vase, was sacred to the ancient Egyptians as a symbol of the cycle of day and night, life and death, and immortality. Also known as the dung beetle, the scarab pushes a ball of dung to close the entrance to its chamber each night. "As it emerges for the day, the ball of dung is pushed aside. This came to be a symbol of the emergence of the sun from the horizon as it rises each morning, and the setting of the sun as it disappears 'into the earth' each night. The title, 'The Apotheosis of the Toiler,' refers to all the unknown craftsmen of the world who labor on their craft, just as she had done in carving this piece. In a sense, her aim with this piece was to place the craftsman (or woman) in his (or her) proper place: to elevate craftspeople perhaps not to the status of a god, but to at least an equal to that of the artist."
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