(NB. Sisal and wood (non-food crops) are included here because the extent of waste and possible exploitation is comparable to agricultural non-food waste)
Banana peels:
Animal food, fertilizer and glue; from ripe banana peels, wine and vinegar
Bananas leaves:
Roofing, mattresses, ropes, fibre, paper, art material, as animal feed and also when dried powdered and mixed with waste banana juices; small storage decorative boxes, degradable nursery plant pots, greeting cards, art Images: greeting card and image made entirely from banana leaves)
Coconut & Palm tree leaves:
Cool effect roofs, fences (The resistance to termite attack may need more research into more applications in the building industry)
Coconuts shells:
Fuel, food and drink containers art and decorative articles (in art)
Coconut husk & Palm tree fibre:
Fuel, paper, fibre for baskets mats, brushes,mixed with cement for possible clay or cement mix bricks and roof tiles, for use as mushroom growth media and filter media, dyes
N.B. Many tropical fruits or vegetables like bananas, coconuts, oranges, grapes, plums, paw paws, breadfruit, sour sap and pineapples shown in the pictures generate a sizable amount of waste from both domestic and commercial outlets.
Coffee or cocoa pulp:
Vinegar, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, flavour, growth media for yeasts and mushrooms, compost and fertilizer
Coffee seed coat:
Compacted into artificial logs suitable mushroom growth, possible dyes, fuel (substitute for wood), oils, flavour and fragrance
Fruits seed shell:
Fish, animal & poultry feed, castor oil can be used as brake or hydraulic fluid and dye from leaves, abrasive matter from shells for skin scrubbing & cleansing in cosmetics
Paw-paw:
Source of sap/ papain and pectin (10%) for extensive use in food industries (as meat tenderiser), seeds have insecticidal toxin
Pineapple:
Source of Bromelain (strong protein digesting enzyme for food industry) The high content sugar for alcohol and vinegars, possibilities for inclusion in animal feeds
Cassava rhizome:
Fertilizers, starch, in admixtures of food for fish, poultry and animal feed. Starch, a source of biodegradable plastics, for films, plant pots, packaging bags & containers for fast food outlets like fish & chips, binder in pharmaceuticals and paper industry, as absorbent in nappies in batteries as conductor and various uses in medicines. Possible use of the soft cassava stalks when finely chipped as mulching to reduce weed growth.
Corncobs: Crushed for animal feed, fuel, growth media, composting and possible use in bulking foods
Barley, corn, cotton, millet, rice, sunflower & sorghum, stalks, straws & husks, sawdust & wood shavings:
